WORKING LENGTH ESTIMATION
Electronic Apex Locators
Ø These devices attempt to locate the apical constriction, the cemento dentinal junction or the apical foramen.
Electronic Apex Locators
History:
The Resistance Method (first generation)
Sunada (1962)
Root Canal Meter (1969)
Impedance of the canal (second generation)
Inoue (1971)
Examples
Ø Neosono
Ø Pio
Ø Apex finder
Ø Endo analyser
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